Famílias em situações extremas: Assistência psicológica às famílias em situação de terremotos na Venezuela e na Colômbia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60114/rbtf.v14.167Palavras-chave:
Famílias, Saúde mental, Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, Assistência psicológica integrativa em catástrofes e terremotosResumo
A autora apresenta sua experiência clínica e como coordenadora do Programa de Ajuda Humanitária Psicológica, do Rotary Club de São Paulo, unidade Butantã, há 18 anos, com vários colegas de terapia familiar do Brasil e do eye movement desensitization and reprocessing para assistência psicológica integrativa em catástrofes (APIC) a famílias afetadas por catástrofes. Relaciona riscos pré-traumáticos, peritraumáticos e pós-traumáticos com as principais enfermidades psicológicas e psiquiátricas após experiências traumatogênicas, especialmente o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. O artigo ilustra a APIC com a apresentação de um projeto para profissionais de saúde mental pública que atenderá a famílias venezuelanas e colombianas afetadas pelos terremotos de 2026.
Referências
Aker, A. T. (2006). 1999 Marmara depremleri: Epidemiyolojik bulgular ve toplum ruh sağliği uygulamalari uzerine bir gözden geçirme [1999 Marmara earthquakes: A review of epidemiologic findings and community mental health policies]. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 17(3), 204-212.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
Başoğlu, M., Kiliç, C., Salcioğlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jots.0000022619.31615.e8
Benyakar, M. (2005). Lo traumático, clínica y paradoja (Tomo I: El proceso traumático). Biblos.
Bocanegra, N., Acosta, L. J., & Cobb, J. S. (2026). Colombia quake death toll tops 250 as rescuers race to find survivors. Reuters.
Britto, S. (2003). Enquanto houver sol [Canção gravada por Titãs]. Em Como estão vocês? Sony BMG Brasil.
Camus, A. (2019). O mito de Sísifo (A. Roitman & P. Neves, Trads.). Record.
Capra, F., & Mancuso, S. (2019). Discorso sulle erbe: Dalla botanica di Leonardo alle reti vegetali. Aboca.
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2023). 2022 disasters in numbers. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
Chen, C. H., Tan, H. K., Liao, L. R., Chen, H. H., Chan, C. C., Cheng, J. J., Chen, C. Y., Wang, T. N., & Lu, M. L. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: A survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
Chen, G., Shen, H., & Chen, G. (2012). A cross-sectional study on posttraumatic stress disorder among elderly Qiang citizens 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(9), 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700905
Chen, X., Xu, J., Li, B., Li, N., Guo, W., Ran, M. S., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., & Hu, J. (2017). The role of personality and subjective exposure experiences in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms among children following Wenchuan earthquake. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 17223. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17440-9
Damásio, A. R. (2009). E o cérebro criou o homem. Companhia das Letras.
Ekman, P. (2014). Cómo detectar mentiras: Una guía para utilizar el trabajo, la política y la pareja. Paidós.
Fan, F., Long, K., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., & Liu, X. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2885-2896. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000884
Gallup (2026). State of the Global Workplace 2026. Gallup. Recuperado de https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-globalworkplace.aspx
Gökçen, C., Sahingöz, M., & Annagür, B. B. (2013). Does a non-destructive earthquake cause posttraumatic stress disorder? A cross-sectional study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(5), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0348-8
Gordon-Hollingsworth, A. T., Yao, N., Chen, H., Qian, M., & Chen, S. (2015). Understanding the impact of natural disasters on psychological outcomes in youth from Mainland China: A meta analysis of risk and protective factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(2), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-015-0051-2
Guo, J., He, H., Qu, Z., Wang, X., & Liu, C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among adult survivors 8 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.009
Guo, J., Wang, X., Yuan, J., Zhang, W., Tian, D., & Qu, Z. (2015). The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adult earthquake survivors in China. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 203(6), 469-472. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000310
Hong, C., & Efferth, T. (2016). Systematic review on post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(5), 542-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015585313
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) (2007). IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. IASC. Recuperado de https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/iasc-guidelines-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-in-emergency-settings
Jin, Y., & Wang, G. (2014). Individual risk factors for PTSD in adolescents from the 2010 earthquake in Yushu: The predictor effect of rumination. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(6), 1-6.
Korol, M., Green, B. L., & Gleser, G. C. (1999). Children’s responses to a nuclear waste disaster: PTSD symptoms and outcome prediction. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(4), 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199904000-00008
Kun, P., Tong, X., Liu, Y., Pei, X., & Luo, H. (2013). What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: Age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health, 127(7), 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.018
Kušević, Z., Krstanović, K., & Kroflin, K. (2021). Some psychological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular consequences of earthquakes. Psychiatria Danubina, 33(Supl. 4), 1248-1253.
Liu, W. M., Fan, F., Zheng, Y. H., & Cui, M. M. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and related factors among adolescents in Dujiangyan district 6 months after the earthquake. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 24(9), 647-651.
Ma, X., Liu, X., Hu, X., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, W., & Li, T. (2011). Risk indicators for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychiatry Research, 189(3), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.016
Massazza, A., Brewin, C. R., & Joffe, H. (2021). Feelings, thoughts, and behaviors during disaster. Qualitative Health Research, 31(2), 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320968791
Maturana, H. R. (1998). Emociones y lenguaje en educación y política (8th ed.). Dolmen.
Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (2007). A árvore do conhecimento: As bases biológicas da compreensão humana (6ª ed.). Palas Athena.
Melville, H. (2003). Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. Penguin Classics.
Morin, E. (2019). Fraternidade: Para resistir à crueldade do mundo (E. A. Carvalho, Trad.). Palas Athena.
Morin, E. (2025). Só um instante: Textos pessoais, políticos, sociológicos, filosóficos e literários (J. Machado da Silva, Trad.). Sulina.
Morin, E. & Viveret, P. (2013). Como viver em tempo de crise? Bertrand Brasil.
Naeem, F., Ayub, M., Masood, K., Gul, H., Khalid, M., Farrukh, A., Shaheen, A., Waheed, W., & Chaudhry, H. R. (2011). Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after the Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1-2), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.035
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Perren-Klinger, G. (2003). Debriefing: Modelos y aplicaciones. De la historia traumática al relato integrado. Instituto Psychotrauma.
Pimentel, L. S. L. (2024). Edgar Morin: Pilar filosófico da assistência psicológica integrativa em pandemia (APIP) e do Programa de Ajuda Humanitária Psicológica (PAHP). In A. M. F. Zampieri (Ed.), Coragem, resiliência e esperança: Assistência psicológica humanitária integrativa na pandemia COVID-19 (pp. 35-42). Appris.
Priebe, S., Grappasonni, I., Mari, M., Dewey, M., Petrelli, F., & Costa, A. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder six months after an earthquake: Findings from a community sample in a rural region in Italy. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(5), 393-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0441-y
Reuters (2026). Hopes of finding more survivors of Venezuela earthquakes fade. Reuters.
Sayed, S., Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2015). Risk factors for the development of psychopathology following trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17, 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0612-y
Schinaia, C. (2020). Inconsciente y emergencia ambiental: Reflexiones para una agenda común entre psicoanálisis y ecología. Biebel.
Shapiro, F. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Shapiro, F., & Forrest, M. S. (2004). EMDR: Una terapia revolucionaria para superar la ansiedad, el estrés y los traumas. Kairós.
Solomon, Z. (1993). Combat stress reaction: The enduring toll of war. Plenum Press.
Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., Ohry, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2021). Prior trauma, PTSD long-term trajectories, and risk for PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic: A 29-year longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 141, 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.031
Tang, B., Deng, Q., Glik, D., Dong, J., & Zhang, L. (2017). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children after earthquakes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121537
Thomas, É., Saumier, D., & Brunet, A. (2012). Peritraumatic distress and the course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(2), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700209
Tortella-Feliu, M., Fullana, M. A., Pérez-Vigil, A., Torres, X., Chamorro, J., Littarelli, S. A., Solanes, A., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Vilar, A., González-Parra, J. A., Andero, R., Reichenberg, A., Mataix-Cols, D., Vieta, E., Fusar-Poli, P., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Stein, M. B., Radua, J., & Fernández de la Cruz, L. (2019). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.013
Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (2026a). Earthquake Hazards Program: Venezuela earthquake. USGS. Recuperado de https://earthquake.usgs.gov/
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (2026b). M 7.4 – 5 km S of San José del Palmar, Colombia. USGS.
Vahidniya, N., Javadzadeh, H. R., & Mahmoodi, S. (2023). Trauma characteristics and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Trauma Monthly, 28(4), 882-889. https://doi.org/10.30491/tm.2023.409958.1627
Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Shi, Z., Shen, J., Li, M., & Xin, Y. (2009). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 444-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20439
Weintrobe, S. (Ed.). (2015). Engaging with climate change: Psychoanalytic and interdisciplinary perspectives. Routledge.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2022). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). WHO. Recuperado de https://icd.who.int
Yaghmaei, F. (2020). Natural hazards and disaster risk reduction glossary. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Ying, L. H., Wu, X. C., Lin, C. D., & Chen, C. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among child survivors 1 year following the wenchuan earthquake in China. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(9), 567-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0400-3
Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., Wang, L., & Liu, M. (2011). One year later: Mental health problems among survivors in hard-hit areas of the Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health, 125(5), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.12.008
Zampieri, A. M. F. (2014). Morte e tragédia pública: Sociodrama construtivista de desastres com EMDR. In M. P. F. Wechsler & R. F. Monteiro (Eds.), Psicodrama em espaços públicos: Práticas e reflexões (pp. 43-50). Ágora.
Zampieri, A. M. F. (2016). Aportes de lo disruptivo al EMDR con damnificados de catástrofes naturales en Brasil [Tese de doutorado]. Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Universidad del Salvador. Recuperado de https://racimo.usal.edu.ar/6378/
Zampieri, A. M. F. (Ed.). (2023). Coragem, resiliência e esperança: Assistência psicológica humanitária integrativa na pandemia COVID-19. Appris.
Zampieri, A. M. F. (2024). Apocalipse e terapia familiar: Saúde planetária e ecopsicologia. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Familiar, 12(1), e0224. https://doi.org/10.60114/rbtf.v12i1.137
Zampieri, A. M. F. (2025). Emoções e saúde mental em situações extremas. In E. H. Kozasa (Org.), Emoções: Como lidar? Manole.
Zampieri, A. M. F. & Zampieri Jr., P. (2020–2022). Áudios com musicalização bilateral [gravações de áudio não publicadas]. King Crab Estúdios.
Zhou, X., Kang, L., Sun, X., Song, H., Mao, W., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, J. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of post traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(5), 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.010
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Maria Fonseca Zampieri, Vitória Dobkevicius Pinheiro Cossani
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
